Chapter-1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Explanation:

Giuseppe Mazzini had worked to develop a cogent plan for the united Italian Republic during the 1830s. He had also established a covert organization named "Young Italy" to further his objectives. Italian writer and politician Guiseppe Mazzini lived in the 19th century. He established Young Italy, a covert revolutionary organization. He was one of many who preferred Italy's monarchy to its free, democratic government.

Explanation:

The role of Count Camillo Cavour in uniting Italy was crucial. Sardinia-Chief Piedmont's Minister was Cavour. Together with other leaders like Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, he was crucial in bringing Italy's city-states together to become one country. He was born into aristocracy and had strong liberal sympathies. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat, but he did lead the campaign to unite Italy. Sardinia-Piedmont was able to defeat the Habsburg armies in 1859 because of a political alliance that Cavour skillfully arranged.

Explanation:

From 1821 and 1829, Greek revolutionaries successfully fought an independence war against the Ottoman Empire known as the Greek War of Independence, sometimes referred to as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821. From the fourteenth century, Greece had been a component of the Ottoman Empire. The Greek independence war started in 1821 as a result of the rise of revolutionary nationalism in Europe. Poets and painters celebrated Greece as the birthplace of European civilization and rallied the populace to aid in its resistance to Muslim rule. Greek nationalists received backing from fellow exiled Greeks as well as many West Europeans who supported ancient Greek culture. The Treaty of Constantinople, which was signed in 1832, officially recognized Greece's independence.

Explanation:

The Frankfurt Parliament (1848–49), which convened in Frankfurt on May 18, 1848, was created as a result of the liberal movement that swept the German states at the beginning of 1848. The parliament was established in March 1848 by a preliminary assembly of German liberals, and its members were chosen by direct manhood suffrage. It was an all-German national assembly made up of middle-class professionals, businesspeople, and affluent artisans from different parts of Germany. On May 18, 1848, the gathering got underway. It was disbanded on May 31, 1849, as a result of a loss in popularity.

Explanation:

Nationalist movements have traditionally benefited greatly from the contributions of women, who regularly fought alongside men to gain independence, self-determination, and civil rights. These movements have frequently been spearheaded by women, who have organized protests, strikes, and other acts of disobedience against injustice and oppression. Women from the liberal middle class emphasized both constitutionality and solidarity in their demands. By capitalizing on the growing unrest in the populace, they campaigned for the creation of a nation-state founded on parliamentary ideals, such as a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association. Women had formed publications, demonstrations, and protests as well as their own political organizations and organizations.

Explanation:

The concepts of "La Patrie" and "Le Citoyen" focused on the idea of a single society with equal rights protected by a constitution. The previous royal standard was replaced with the tricolour, the modern French flag. In the name of the country, new patriotic anthems were written, promises were made, and sacrifices were remembered. All localities fell under its control when a centralised administration system was established. A consistent system of weights and measures was implemented, and internal customs charges and levies were abolished. Regional accents were discouraged, and the official language of the country was deemed to be French as it was spoken and written in Paris. The aim and destiny of the French nation, according to the revolutionaries, is to free the people of Europe from despotism.

Explanation:

Male allegories of women were made by artists to represent the nation during the nineteenth century. The well-known Christian name Marianne emphasized the idea of a country of the people. Her characteristics, including her red hat, tricolor, and cockade, were based on those of Liberty and the Republic. Marianne sculptures were erected in public places to remind the population of the national symbol of unity and to encourage them to connect with it. On coins and stamps, Marianne's image appeared. Germania stood for the German people. The German oak is a representation of bravery, hence Germania is often shown wearing an oak leaf crown.

Explanation:

Conservatives regularly appealed to nationalist sentiment to strengthen state power and win political sway across Europe. The process leading to the unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states may be used to illustrate this.

Germans of the middle class were unable to successfully unify the several provinces of the German Confederation due to the efforts of wealthy landowners known as the Junkers of Prussia. With Austria, Denmark, and France, Prussia won three wars that lasted seven years. In January 1871, Wilhelm I of Germany was crowned.

Priority was given to modernizing Germany's monetary, financial, legal, and judicial institutions.

Explanation:

The Napoleonic Code, also known as the Civil Code of 1804, established equality before the law, protected the right to property and eliminated any advantages based on birth. This Code was given to the regions under French rule. In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, Napoleon abolished the feudal system, reorganized governmental structures, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial obligations. In the towns, the guild restrictions were also removed. Communication and transportation systems were improved. The new business owners, artisans, peasants, and laborers all welcomed their newfound independence. Those in business and small-scale manufacturers in particular began to understand how unified laws, standardized weights and measures, and a single national currency would speed up trade and the interchange of goods and money between regions.

Explanation:

Parallel to the impoverished people's uprisings in 1848, there was another revolution happening. The jobless, the famished peasants, and the workers in many European countries experienced this liberal revolution, led by the educated middle classes. The French king had abdicated following the events of February 1848, and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been declared.

Men and women of the liberal middle classes united their calls for constitutionalism with those for national unity in other regions of Europe where sovereign nation-states did not yet exist, such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.They pushed for the establishment of a nation-state based on parliamentary principles, including a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association, by taking advantage of the rising popular restlessness.

The issue of providing political rights to women was divisive within the liberal movement, in which many women had over the years actively engaged. Women had formed publications, demonstrations, and protests as well as their own political 

Explanation:

Language:

Language has a significant influence. Polish was forbidden in schools after the Russian invasion, and Russia took its place. The clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon in their anti-nationalist campaign. All religious instruction and church services were held in Polish. Polish use began to be interpreted as a protest against Russian rule.

Romanticism:

It was a cultural movement designed to foster a specific brand of nationalism. The celebration of reason and science was usually criticized by romantic painters and poets, who instead emphasized emotions, intuition, and mystic sentiments. They attempted to present a shared cultural heritage as the cornerstone of a country.

Folk music, folk dancing, and folk poetry:

Using the aforementioned methods, the actual essence of the country was popularised. Hence, gathering and preserving various kinds of folk culture was crucial to the development of a country.

Explanation:

Germany and Italy are the focus nations.

• Germany:

Conservatives frequently used nationalist emotions to advance state authority and seize political dominance throughout Europe. This may be seen in the process leading to the unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states.

Due to the activities of powerful landowners known as the "Junkers of Prussia," middle-class Germans' attempts to combine the several German Confederation provinces failed. Prussia won three conflicts with Austria, Denmark, and France during the course of seven years. Prussian King William I was named German Emperor in January 1871.

Modernizing Germany's monetary, financial, legal, and judicial systems was prioritized.

• Italy:

Mazzini tried to bring Italy together in the 1830s. Young Italy, a covert organisation he founded, was a failure. As a result, it was King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-obligation Piedmont's to unite Italian nations via war.

In 1859, Austrian soldiers were routed. In addition to Sardinia-Piedmont, a sizable contingent of volunteers had joined the effort under Giuseppe Garibaldi's direction. They invaded South Italy in 1860 and overthrew the Spanish authorities there. Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy in 1861.

1. The nation-state did not emerge as a result of a dramatic upheaval or revolution. That was the end consequence of a protracted procedure.

2. Those who lived in the British Isles were mostly identified by their ethnicity, such as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish.

3. The United Kingdom of Great Britain was created as a consequence of the Act of Union between England and Scotland. Scottish people were not allowed to use their native Gaelic language or don their traditional attire. Several people were expelled from their country. In 1801, Britain forcefully absorbed Ireland. The Brits assisted the Irish Protestants in establishing their supremacy over the Catholics in order to achieve this.

4. The previous nations only remained as subordinate partners in this union, with the Union Jack serving as the national flag, God Save Our Glorious King as the national song and English as the official language.

Explanation:

•         Modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro were all part of this geographically diverse territory. Slavs were the collective name for the inhabitants of the area.

•         The Ottoman Empire ruled over a sizable portion of it. Eventually, they were recognised to be independent of.

•         The Balkans became extremely volatile due to the spread of romantic nationalism notions and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.