Introduction The terms nucleophile and electrophile were coined by Christopher Kelk Ingold in 1933 to replace A. J. Lapworth’s anionic and cationic terminology. The term “electrophile” is a result of merging the words “electro,” denoting electrons, and “philes,” indicating a sentimental attachment. The word nucleophile comes from the combination of the Greek word ‘Philos,’ which […]
Introduction An atom is the smallest unit of matter that preserves all the features of its element, while a molecule is a compound made up of numerous bonded atoms. Atoms and molecules are related, notwithstanding their differences. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, while molecules are made up of several atoms, therefore they are […]
Introduction An atom is the smallest component of any given element. Subatomic particles like as the proton, neutron, and electron can be further isolated from atoms, which were once thought to be invincible. Since the quantity of protons and electrons in every atom is the same, every atom is non-conducting. When an atom loses or […]
Introduction The term “fluid” is used to describe a material that may take on several forms. Things that are fluids are ones that can be moved around rather easily. This chapter focuses on the physical properties of viscosity and surface tension shown by fluids. The two processes are dependent on molecular interactions. Both surface tension […]
Introduction Evaporation is the transition from the liquid to the vapour phase that takes place at pressures and temperatures below the boiling point (a condition of a substance just below its critical temperature). Evaporation occurs only when a substance’s relative vapour pressure is less than its equilibrium state vapour pressure. However, rather than a phase […]
Introduction Molar masses that are calculated to be too high or too low than the actual molar mass are deemed abnormal molar mass. They are calculated using the colligative characteristics. Among the colloquial features are a higher osmotic pressure, a lower vapour pressure, a lower freezing point, and a higher boiling point. Van’t Hoff factor […]
Introduction Among the several intermolecular forces that exist, Van der Waals forces are notable. Johannes Diderik van der Waals, a Dutch scientist, proposed them in 1873 and so they bear his name. When compared to other intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding, Van der Waals forces are weak. Nonetheless, they continue to play […]
Introduction Due to the distinctive adaptations made by each cell type to the ecosystems they live in, plant cells and animal cells, two forms of eukaryotic cells, differ in a number of ways. A nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria can be found in both plant and animal cells. Basic life processes like […]
Introduction Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a hormone produced by the heart that regulates blood volume and blood pressure. ANF is produced in the atria (the upper chambers) of the heart in response to increased pressure within the heart or increased blood volume. Once released into the bloodstream, ANF works on the kidneys lead to […]