Introduction In the Friedel-Crafts reaction, an alkyl or acyl group swaps places with the hydrogen atom of an aromatic molecule to make a hydrocarbon or ketone. This is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction. When an aromatic molecule is alkylated or acylated, an acid catalyst (Lewis acid) is present. This could be \(AlC{l_3}\), \(ZnC{l_3}\), […]
Introduction Distillation is an isolation technique used to separate two miscible or immiscible liquids. This is based on the principle of boiling points of the components of the liquid mixture. It has been used since ancient times to make oils, alcohol, beverages, etc. The distillation process has now been industrialised and made faster and more […]
Introduction The electron (e-) is a particle of an atom, just as an atom is a substructure of matter. There is no way to create or destroy these atoms. Atoms were assumed to be the smallest unit of a particle before the discovery of electrons (e-). Tests used in the discovery of the electron shed […]
Introduction John Dalton, an English philosopher and scientist, established the atomic notion in 1808 as part of his investigation of the molecular structure of matter. It asserted that everything is made up of atoms, which are supposedly tiny autonomous creatures. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, the constituent parts of these substances are atoms that cannot […]
Introduction When a phone is hooked to its charger, how does the battery work? How does the cell in a TV remote control work? All of these questions have been thoroughly explored in the scientific discipline of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is the study of both the creation of electricity through chemical processes and the use of […]
Introduction: An alteration in an atom’s energy is known as electron affinity. An atom gains a negative charge and releases energy as more electrons are added to its outer shell. In order to stabilise its octet, an element obtains electrons. When an element receives or loses an electron, energy is released. An exothermic reaction occurs […]
Introduction The electronic configuration characterises the distribution of electrons inside a subshell of an atom. An electron configuration is a schematic depiction of the predicted location of electrons in an orbit around a nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. We can visualise the electrons’ energy and the […]
Introduction The energy shift that occurs when an electron is added to an isolated atom is known as the electron gain enthalpy. Electron affinity is the capacity to accept an additional electron and produce an anion. Due to attaining a stable electronic structure, the elements going through this energy change or electron addition. In this […]
Introduction As an electromeric action, the intramolecular electron transfer phenomenon makes molecules temporarily become polarisable. This result is frequently referred to as the conjugative mechanism or the tautomeric mechanism. It is frequently considered with other effects like an inductive effect and a mesomeric impact. Although others also acknowledge this, it is not clearly stated that […]