Chapter-2 Socialism in europe and russian revolution

Explanation: 

Workers were a fragmented group in terms of social condition. Some had close ties to the villages, while others had made cities their permanent homes. Based on their skills, the workers were separated. The differences between the workers could be seen in how they dressed and behaved.

Financial Situation:

The majority of industries were owned privately by industrialists. Government officials oversaw big factories. There were little sections of the industry. When Russia's railway network was expanded, foreign investment in industry rose, coal production doubled, and iron and steel output quadrupled in the 1890s, many factories were built. The majority of industries were owned privately by industrialists.

Russia's political situation was one of authoritarianism. The Tsar was not accountable to a Parliament like other European nations were. In Russia, liberals conducted campaigns to change the situation.

Revolutionary Socialist Party Fought for Farmers' Rights

The incident known as "Bloody Sunday" happened in 1905. Over 300 people were hurt, and 100 workers perished. Bloody Sunday was the first in a series of occasions that led to the 1905 revolution.

Explanation:

The vast majority of people in Russia were farmers. The Russian Empire's inhabitants relied on agriculture for about 85% of their income. This ratio was higher than in the majority of European nations. Between 40% and 50% of the population lived in France and Germany. Farmers produced both for the market and for their personal consumption, and Russia was a significant exporter of grain.

Explanation: 

Most factory committees and trade unions were deemed unlawful after 1905. The political process was constrained. Because he did not want his authority or powers to be questioned, the Tsar swiftly dismissed the first two Dumas. Politicians from the Conservative party made up the third Duma. The Tsar started making decisions on his own without consulting the Duma during the First World War. Large tracts of agricultural land were burned and buildings were demolished on the tsar's orders by Russian soldiers as they withdrew from the battle. The conflict claimed the lives of millions of soldiers. Peasants made up the vast majority of the population, and a small group of private individuals controlled the land. This all contributed to the emergence of revolution and the collapse of Tsar autocracy.

Explanation: 

Main events of February Revolution:

1. 1. There was a food scarcity in the employees' quarters in February 1917.

2. 2. A lockout occurred at a factory on the right bank on February 23. Women had a crucial role in the strikes that were called by workers at fifty factories.

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4. 3. The Duma was shut down by the administration on February 25.

5. 4. On February 27, people protested and shouted "food, wages, better hours, democracy" as they trashed the police offices.

6. 5. The founding of Petrograd Soviet.

7. 6. In March 1917, the Tsar abdicated, ending the monarchy.

8. 7. A Provisional Government was established by Soviet and Duma leaders to govern the nation.

Effects of the February Revolution:

1. Public gatherings and associations were no longer subject to restrictions.

2. "Soviets," such as the Petrograd Soviet, were established everywhere, but there was no standard election procedure.

3. There are now more trade unions.

4. Factory committees were established in industrial districts to inquire about how industrialists managed their facilities.

5. Army soldiers' committees were established.

6. The power of the interim government waned as the Bolsheviks' influence grew.

7. Land committees were formed to oversee redistribution of land, which was a popular demand for peasants and their socialist revolutionary leaders in the countryside. 

Main events of the October Revolution:

Lenin believed that the provisional administration would establish a dictatorship as the confrontation between it and the Bolsheviks escalated. Lenin started planning a coup against the government. The Army's Bolshevik allies, Soviets, and industry came together. Lenin convinced the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to approve a socialist takeover of power on October 16, 1917. The Soviet under Leon Trotsky created a military revolutionary committee to plan the takeover. The insurrection started on October 24th, 1917. Government-aligned military personnel seized the offices of two Communist periodicals. To take over the phone and telegraph offices and guard the Winter Palace, pro-government troops were dispatched. The Military Revolutionary Committee retaliated by ordering its followers to occupy government buildings and detain ministers. When other ships proceeded down the Neva and occupied other military outposts, the Aurora blasted the Winter Palace. At the end of the month, a committee had taken leadership of the city, and the ministers had left. Bolsheviks were in charge of the Moscow-Petrograd region by December. 

Effects of the October Revolution.

1. By November 1917, banks and industries had been nationalised; the government now controlled and managed them.

2. The land was designated as social property, and nobility-owned land may be seized by peasants.

3. The Bolsheviks mandated the division of large residences into sections in accordance with family needs in the cities.

4. Ancient aristocratic titles were outlawed.

5. The troops and bureaucrats now wear brand-new attire.

6. The Russian Communist Party replaced the name Bolshevik Party (Bolshevik)

7. The Bolsheviks held elections for the constituent assembly, but they fell short of winning the majority. Lenin disbanded the assembly when it rejected the Bolshevik measures.

8. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was transformed into the national legislature. Russia changed into a one-party system.

9. The party continued to have control over the unions. Everyone who criticised the Bolsheviks was persecuted by the Secret Police. Young authors and artists who supported the Party because it promoted socialism did so in the future.

10. A lot of experiments in art and architecture were conducted. But the censorship caused a lot of people to be dissatisfied.

Explanation:

1. By November 1917, banks and industries had been nationalised; the government now controlled and managed them.

2. The land was designated as social property, and nobility-owned land may be seized by peasants.

3. In the cities, Bolsheviks imposed the division of sizable dwellings according to the needs of the family.

4. Ancient aristocratic titles were outlawed.

5. The troops and bureaucrats now wear brand-new attire.

6. The Russian Communist Party replaced the name Bolshevik Party (Bolshevik)

7. The Bolsheviks held elections for the constituent assembly, but they were unable to win a majority. As a result, the assembly rejected the Bolshevik measures, and Lenin disbanded it.

     8. The entire Russian Congress of Soviets evolved into the national legislature. Russia         changed into a one-party system.

      9. The Secret Police prosecuted anyone who criticised the Bolsheviks, and trade unions were maintained under party control. The Party, which stood for socialism, continued to have the support of many young artists and authors.

    10. A lot of experiments in art and architecture were conducted. But the censorship made a lot of artists angry.

Explanation:

a)  Kulaks were prosperous peasants in Russia who owned larger farms and often employed laborers. During the Soviet era, the term "kulak" became associated with wealthy farmers who were seen as exploiting the labor of poorer peasants. The Soviet government launched a campaign to eliminate the kulaks as a class, which included confiscating their property and exiling them to other regions of the country or to labor camps.

b) The Tsar permitted the establishment of an elected consultative Parliament, or Duma, in 1905. The first Duma was overthrown by the Tsar in just 75 days, while the second Duma was re-elected in just three months. The Tsar did not want his authority to be questioned or for his power to be diminished. The Third Duma was crammed with conservative members when the Tsar altered the voting laws. Revolutionaries and liberals were excluded.

c) 1. Their pay was lower than that of men.

d) 1. They viewed all religions as being equally valid.