Chapter-7 Diversity in Living Organisms Solutions

Explanation:

Organisms are classified for several reasons, including:

1. Identification: Classification helps in identifying and naming organisms, making it easier to communicate about them across different regions and languages.

2. Understanding diversity: There are millions of different organisms on our planet, and classifying them helps us understand the diversity of life and the relationships between different species.

3. Evolutionary history: Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships, helping us understand how different groups of organisms have evolved over time.

4. Predicting traits: Classification allows us to predict certain characteristics of an organism based on its classification. For example, we can predict that all mammals will have certain features such as hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones.

5. Conservation: Understanding the classification of organisms helps us identify species that are endangered or threatened and prioritize conservation efforts to protect them.

Overall, classification helps us organize and make sense of the vast diversity of life on our planet and can inform important scientific, medical, and conservation decisions.

Explanation:

There are countless examples of variations in life forms around us, but here are three:

1. Variation in size: From the smallest bacteria to the largest whales, there is an incredible range in the size of organisms on our planet. For example, the blue whale, the largest animal on earth, can grow up to 30 meters (100 feet) in length and weigh as much as 200 tons, while the fairyfly, a tiny parasitic wasp, measures just 0.14 millimeters in length.

2. Variation in adaptations: Different organisms have evolved a variety of adaptations that allow them to survive in their respective environments. For example, camels have adapted to living in arid desert regions by storing fat in their humps, which they can draw on for energy when food and water are scarce. In contrast, penguins have adapted to living in the cold waters of Antarctica by having a layer of fat and feathers that keep them warm.

3. Variation in reproduction: Organisms have evolved different reproductive strategies to ensure the survival of their offspring. Some organisms reproduce asexually, such as bacteria, which simply divide to produce identical copies of themselves. Others reproduce sexually, such as mammals, where two individuals contribute genetic material to produce offspring that are genetically unique.

Explanation:

The kind of cells an organism is made of is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms than the place where they live. This is because cells are the fundamental unit of life, and all living organisms are made up of cells.

The type of cells an organism is made of determines many of its characteristics, such as its metabolic processes, reproduction, and ability to adapt to its environment. Therefore, the kind of cells an organism is made of is a more fundamental characteristic for classifying organisms than the place where they live.

Explanation:

The primary characteristic on which the broad division of organisms is made is the type of cells they are made of.

All living organisms can be broadly classified into two categories based on their cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes: are organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex cell organelles. They are typically single-celled organisms that include bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotes: are organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex cell organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Explanation:

Plants and animals are put into different categories based on several characteristics that distinguish them from each other. These include:

1. Cell Structure: Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose, while animal cells do not have a cell wall. Additionally, plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.

2. Mode of Nutrition: Plants are autotrophic, meaning they can produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals are heterotrophic, meaning they rely on other organisms for food.

Explanation:

Primitive organisms are those that have simpler structures compared to more complex organisms. 

These organisms are unicellular or simple multicellular organisms with relatively simple structures and functions.

Examples of primitive organisms include bacteria, protists, and some fungi. 

Advanced organisms are those that have more complex structures and functions. These organisms have complex, multicellular structures with specialized organs, systems, and functions.

Examples of advanced organisms include animals, plants, and some fungi. 

Explanation:

The terms "advanced organisms" and "complex organisms" can be used interchangeably to describe organisms that have evolved more complex structures, functions, and behaviors. 

Advancement led to the formation of multicellular complex organisms.

Therefore, while advanced organisms can be considered complex, it is not always the case that complex organisms are more advanced in their evolutionary status. The evolutionary history and adaptations of each organism are unique and cannot be fully captured by simplistic labels or classifications.

Explanation:

The classification of organisms as belonging to the kingdom Monera or Protista is based on their cellular organization and other characteristics.

Organisms in the kingdom Monera are typically unicellular and prokaryotic, which means they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex cell organelles. The kingdom Monera includes bacteria and archaea.

Organisms in the kingdom Protista are also typically unicellular, but they are eukaryotic, which means they have a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex cell organelles. Protists include a diverse range of organisms, such as algae, amoebas, and protozoans.

Explanation:

An organism that is single-celled, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic would be classified as a member of the kingdom Protista. This is because Protista is a diverse kingdom that includes a variety of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, including some that are photosynthetic.

Specifically, if the organism is photosynthetic, it could be classified as a member of the sub-kingdom Algae, which includes unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists.

Explanation:

The grouping with the smallest number of organisms with maximum common characteristics is the species. A species is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring. This grouping is the smallest because it is based on the most specific set of characteristics that organisms can have in common.

b) The grouping with the largest number of organisms is the kingdom. The kingdom is the broadest level of classification, and it includes a wide range of organisms that share a few basic characteristics, such as cellular organization and mode of nutrition.

Explanation:

The division among plants that has the simplest organisms is the Thallophyta division, also known as the mosses or algae. They are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They have a simple body structure consisting of a single cell layer, and they reproduce by spores rather than seeds. Mosses are considered to be some of the most primitive plants, and they evolved early in the history of plant life on Earth.

Explanation:

The characteristic differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

Explanation:

Some of the differences between poriferan and coelenterate animals:

Explanation:

Some of the basic differences between annelid animals and arthropods:

Explanation:

Amphibians and reptiles are two distinct classes of animals that have some similarities, but also many differences. Here are some of the key differences between amphibians and reptiles:

Explanation:

The Aves group, also known as birds, and the Mammalia group, also known as mammals, are two distinct classes of animals that have some similarities but also many differences. Here are some of the key differences between birds and mammals:

Explanation:

There are several advantages of classifying organisms including:

1. Identification: Classification helps in identifying and naming organisms, making it easier to communicate about them across different regions and languages.

2. Understanding diversity: There are millions of different organisms on our planet, and classifying them helps us understand the diversity of life and the relationships between different species.

3. Evolutionary history: Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships, helping us understand how different groups of organisms have evolved over time.

4. Predicting traits: Classification allows us to predict certain characteristics of an organism based on its classification. For example, we can predict that all mammals will have certain features such as hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones.

5. Conservation: Understanding the classification of organisms helps us identify species that are endangered or threatened and prioritize conservation efforts to protect them.

Overall, classification helps us organize and make sense of the vast diversity of life on our planet and can inform important scientific, medical, and conservation decisions.

Explanation:

Choosing between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification depends on several factors, such as the level of importance of the characteristic, the degree of variation within the group being classified, and the level of complexity required for the classification scheme.

Overall character will be the basis of the hierarchy and then fine character is going to be the basis of further steps in developing a hierarchy.

Explanation:

The five-kingdom system of classification was proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969 as a way to classify living organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The five kingdoms are:

1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Fungi

4. Plantae

5. Animalia

The basis for grouping organisms into these five kingdoms is based on differences in cellular structure, nutrition, and organization.

1. The Monera kingdom is based on the absence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

2. The Protista kingdom is based on the presence of a true nucleus but unicellularity.

3. The Fungi kingdom is based on heterotrophic nutrition and chitinous cell walls.

4. The Plantae kingdom is based on autotrophic nutrition and cellulose cell walls.

5. The Animalia kingdom is based on heterotrophic nutrition and the absence of cell walls.

Explanation:

There are five major divisions in the plantae kingdom:

1. Thallophyta or Algae

2. Bryophyta

3. Pteridophyta

4. Gymnosperm

5. Angiosperm

Some of the key basis of the division of these classes are as follows:

Explanation:

The criteria for deciding divisions in plants are different from the criteria for deciding the subgroups among animals due to differences in their structural and physiological characteristics.

In plants, the primary criteria for deciding divisions are based on the presence or absence of specific structures, such as vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers.

For example, bryophytes lack vascular tissue, while pteridophytes have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores. 

Coniferophyta have seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit, while angiospermophyta have seeds enclosed in a fruit.

These criteria are largely based on the evolutionary development of plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments.

In contrast, the criteria for deciding subgroups among animals are based on a variety of factors, including structural characteristics, reproductive strategies, developmental patterns, and genetic relationships.

For example, animals can be divided based on the presence or absence of certain structures, such as notochords or jointed appendages, but they can also be grouped based on reproductive strategies, such as external or internal fertilization. Additionally, animals can be grouped based on developmental patterns, such as the presence or absence of a larval stage, or based on genetic relationships, as determined by molecular analysis.

Explanation:

Animals in the Vertebrata are classified into further subgroups based on several characteristics such as their physical and physiological traits, evolutionary history, reproductive strategies, developmental patterns, and genetic relationships.

For example, the classification of bony fish and cartilaginous fish is based on differences in their skeletal structure, while the classification of birds is based on their feathers and ability to fly.

The classification of mammals is based on the presence of mammary glands and hair, among other characteristics.

The classification of these subgroups provides a framework for understanding the diversity and complexity of the vertebrate lineage.

The major subgroups of Vertebrata are:

1. Agnatha (jawless fish)

2. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

3. Osteichthyes (bony fish)

4. Amphibia

5. Reptilia

6. Aves (birds)

7. Mammalia (mammals)