Chapter-9 The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947

Explanation:

1. The Brits were in charge of India's resources, to start.

2. India could not be for Indians until the British attempts to regulate its people's life came to an end.

3. Indians were forbidden from owning weapons after the Arms Act was passed in 1878.

4. In 1879, the Vernacular Press Act was also passed in an effort to stifle dissenting voices.

5. The government's attempt to introduce the Ilbert Bill caused a stir in 1883. The measure attempted to equalise the status of British and Indian judges in the nation and allowed for the trial of British or European nationals by Indian judges.

   
   

Explanation:

Representatives from all of India's communities, not just one class or community, made up the Congress. As a result, the party sought to represent the interests of the general public in the struggle for freedom.

Explanation:

India's political and economic climate was transformed by the First World War. It caused a significant increase in the government of India's defence spending. The government then raised taxes on corporate profits as well as individual income. The need for war supplies and increased military spending resulted in a dramatic increase in costs, which put the general public in a very tough situation. Yet, business organisations made enormous gains during the war. India's imports from other nations fell as a result of the First World War.

Explanation:

The Muslim League proposed a resolution in 1940 calling for "Independent States" for the nation's Muslims in the northwestern and eastern regions. The resolution made no mention of Pakistan or the split.

Explanation:

The leaders of the Moderate party wished to raise public awareness of the injustice of British rule. By putting out publications and writing articles, they demonstrated how British rule was causing the nation's economy to collapse. They criticised British rule in their speeches and mobilised the populace by dispatching emissaries to various regions. As a result, they believed, the British would accede to the legitimate demands of the Indians. The British, they believed, respected the ideas of freedom and justice. In order to inform the government of Indians' concerns, it was necessary to convey their demands.

Explanation:

In the struggle for swaraj, radicals encouraged widespread mobilisation and a boycott of British organisations and products. Additionally, some people started claiming that "revolutionary violence" would be required to end British control. On the other side, moderates preferred to adhere to the laws, regulations, and order established by the British. They adhered to the "practise of prayers," which the radicals fiercely rejected.

Explanation:

According to the following, various regions of the nation displayed various reactions:

a. Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns in Gujarat's Kheda against the British's exorbitant demand for land revenue.

b. Liquor retailers faced protests in Tamil Nadu's interior and coastal Andhra.

c. In the Guntur region of Andhra Pradesh, poor peasants and tribals staged a number of "forest satyagrahas," sometimes leading their cattle into the forests without paying a grazing charge.

d. Muslim traders and peasants of Sind (now in Pakistan), where the Khilafat call originated, were extremely supportive of it.

e. The national movement gained tremendous communal unity and strength in Bengal as well, thanks to the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation coalition.

Gandhiji was viewed by the populace as a sort of saviour who might aid them in overcoming their misery and poverty. Gandhiji wanted to promote class harmony rather than class rivalry. Yet, peasants could envision him supporting them in their struggle against zamindars, and farmworkers thought he would give them land. At times, common people attributed their own success to Gandhiji.

Explanation:

The Salt March united the affluent and the poor by connecting the universal yearning for freedom to a particular grievance that was shared by everyone. Gandhiji thereupon announced in 1930 that he would organise a march to violate the salt prohibition.

Explanation:

The following is a list of the events from 1937 to 1947 that led to the establishment of Pakistan:

a. The Muslim League did not initially refer to Pakistan as the nation of Muslims; rather, starting in the 1930s, it began to call for a distinct homeland for Muslims. a. A two-nation theory.

b. The 1937 provincial elections were a key component in the Muslim League's decision that Muslims in India are a minority and need their own country in order to have a fair voice in politics.

c. Tensions between the Muslim League and Congress - The Muslim League chose to sever ties with Congress after it rejected its offer for a joint congress-league government in the unified provinces.

d. Ineffective negotiations - No negotiations between Congress and the Muslim League could result in a decision to become a single nation. The Brits also started negotiations with the league and congress after the Second World War. But ultimately, it was useless.

e. In the 1946 provincial elections, the Muslim League won spectacularly on the seats designated for Muslims, giving them the courage to form a separate country.

f. Massive agitation: The Muslim League staged a massive agitation after the cabinet mission of 1946 failed.

g. Pakistan was formally established after partition.