Chapter-7 Tribes, Nomads and settled communities

Explanation:

Despite their valiant defence, the Ahoms were defeated in 1662 when the Mughals led by Mir Jumla attacked the Ahom kingdom. The forced labour that the Ahom state relied on was known as "Paiks," and those who were made to work for the state were subjected to it. The Ahom clan was split up as a result of the requirement that each village send a certain number of paiks on a rotating basis and the relocation of inhabitants from densely populated areas to less densely populated areas. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the government grew quite centralised, and almost all adult males enlisted in the military to fight in the conflict. Along with developing new techniques for rice farming, they were also involved in the construction of dams, irrigation systems, and other public works. Clans or khels were the basic units of the Ahom society. A Khel frequently exercised control.

Explanation:

During this time, the varna-based society underwent significant changes. Tribal people and the society based in Varna interacted frequently. Both types of societies had to adapt to and change as a result of this interaction, and numerous tribes adopted a variety of livelihoods. Many of them eventually assimilated into the caste-based society over time. Some people disapproved of both the caste system and traditional Hinduism. Some tribes developed large states with efficient administrative structures and rose to political power. This led to them clashing with bigger and more advanced kingdoms and empires.

Explanation:

The Rajput clans' ascent to power set a precedent for the tribal people to follow. Many tribes joined the caste system thanks to the support of the Brahmanas. However, admission to the ruling class was restricted to the most prominent tribal families. The vast majority joined the lower caste jatis. Some of the tribes, like the Ahoms, used to worship their own tribal deities. But the influence of Brahmanas grew in the first half of the seventeenth century. Despite the fact that the Ahom kings adopted Hinduism during the reign of Sib Singh (1714–1744), they did not completely renounce their traditional beliefs. Tribal people and the society based in Varna interacted frequently. Both types of societies had to adapt to and change as a result of this interaction, and numerous tribes adopted a variety of livelihoods. Many of them eventually assimilated into caste-based society over time. Some people disapproved of both the caste system and traditional Hinduism. Some tribes developed large states with efficient administrative structures and rose to political power. This led to them clashing with bigger and more advanced kingdoms and empires.

Explanation:

The most significant group of trade nomads were the Banjaras. The banjaras' caravan was known as the tanda. The Banjaras were used by Sultan Alauddin Khalji to transport grain to the markets in the cities. They transported grain from various locations on their bullocks and sold it in towns. During military operations, they transported food grain for the Mughal army. They purchased grains where they were inexpensively available, transported them to locations where they were more expensive, and later reloaded their oxen with anything that could be sold profitably in other locations.

Explanation:

The tribal groups with centralised administration were the Gonds and the Ahoms. They were split up into jatis, or clans. However, there were a number of differences between the two communities. Gondwana, which means "country inhabited by Gonds," was a vast area covered in forests where the Gonds lived and engaged in shifting cultivation. When the Ahom people arrived in the Brahmaputra valley in the thirteenth century from modern-day Myanmar, they suppressed the bhuiyan political order to establish a new state (landlords). They ruled over numerous other tribes and annexed the kingdoms of the Chhutiyas (1523) and Koch-Hajo (1581) during the sixteenth century. During the decline of the Delhi Sultans, a handful of sizable Gond kingdoms started to rule the smaller Gond chiefs. A history of The Akbar Nama has the 70000 villages.

Explanation:

• Vamas saw the emergence of smaller castes or jatis.

• On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were integrated into a caste-based society and given the title of jatis.

• The Brahmanas also acknowledged specialised craftspeople as separate jatis, including smiths, carpenters, and masons.

• The foundation for organising society was replaced by jatis from vama.

• New Rajput clans grew in strength among the Kshatriyas.

• The caste system was embraced by numerous tribes. However, the ruling class was limited to the most prominent tribal families. A significant portion of them joined the lower caste jatis.

• The North-West Frontier and Sind's powerful tribes had embraced Islam in large numbers. The caste system was still disapproved of by them.

  
  

Explanation:

• Tribal society underwent a change as big states began to appear.

• Unequal social classes gradually emerged in an equal society.

• The Gond rajas granted land grants to Brahmanas. They acquired greater clout.

• The Gond chiefs now wanted their status as Rajputs to be recognised.

• The title of Sangram Shah was adopted by Aman Das, the Gond raja of Garha Katanga. Dalpat, his son, wed the princess Durgawati. She was Salbahan's (the Chandel Rajput raja of Mahoba's) daughter.

  
  

Explanation:

The Banjaras were significant nomad traders. They frequently travelled in tandas, or caravans. There could be as many as 600 or 700 people in a tanda. They travelled with their wives and kids in tow. The oxen belonged to them. They obtained grain where it was inexpensively available and transported it to locations where it was more expensive. They then loaded their oxen once more with anything that could be sold profitably somewhere else. Less than 6 or 7 miles were travelled each day by the Banjaras. They preferred chilly conditions. They released their oxen to graze after unloading them.

Explanation:

1. There were tribal people in almost every area of the subcontinent. The Khokhar tribe had a significant impact on Punjab during the 13th and 14th centuries. The Gakkhars gained prominence later. The Langahs and Arghuns ruled over sizable areas in Sind and Multan. Another substantial and powerful tribe in the northwest was the Balochis. The Gaddis were shepherds who lived in the western Himalayas. The far-flung northeastern region of the subcontinent was home to the Nagas, Ahoms, and numerous other peoples. Chero Chiefdoms had developed in many regions of the modern states of Bihar and Jharkhand by the 12th century.

2. The Mughals, however, subdued them. Other notable tribes that lived in these states, as well as Orissa and Bengal, included the Mundas and Santals. The Kolis, Berads and numerous others lived in the Maharashtra highlands, Karnataka and Gujarat. Additionally, the South was home to sizable populations of the Koragas, Vetars, Maravars, and many other tribes. The Bhils were dispersed throughout central and western India. Many of them had settled down as farmers by the late 16th century, and some had even attained the position of zamindar. However, a large number of Bhil clans continued to hunt and gather. The modern states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh were home to large populations of the Gonds.

   
   

Explanation:

• The Khels, or clans, made up Ahom society. The Ahom regions had very few castes of artisans, so those who lived there were from the neighbouring kingdoms. Several villages were under Kheloften's control. The village community gave the peasant land. Without the consent of the populace, not even the king could take it away. The Ahoms honoured their own local deities. However, Brahmanas gained significant power during the first half of the 17th century, which gave rise to Hinduism.

• Hinduism rose to prominence during Sib Singh's reign. Even after converting to Hinduism, the Ahom kings kept some of their old religious practises. The society of Ahom was very advanced. Land grants were given to academics and poets. Theater was promoted.

  
  

Explanation:

1. Continually moving from one location to another with their livestock were pastoral nomads. They subsisted on milk and other agricultural goods. Additionally, they traded goods like wool, ghee, and other items with established farmers in exchange for their grain, cloth, utensils, and other goods. As they travelled from one location to another, buying and selling these goods while riding their animals, they did so. The Banjaras were nomadic traders who bought grain where it was inexpensive and transported it to locations where it was more expensive.

2. They then loaded their oxen once more with anything that could be sold profitably somewhere else. As a result, they were crucial in bridging India and the outside world. Many pastoral tribes raised and sold livestock, including horses and cattle, to affluent people. Petty vendors came from various castes and went from village to village. They produced and sold goods like ropes and reeds. Mendicants occasionally worked as roving salespeople. Additionally, there were castes of entertainers who made a living by giving performances in various towns and villages.

   
   

Explanation:

1. Tribal population policies:

2. improvement all around.

3. rights to land.

4. Education.

5. social and cultural advancement.

6. water, industries, and roads.

7. Mainstreaming.

8. enforcement of discrimination in public employment.

   
   

Explanation:

The Gaddi shepherds in the western Himalayas, the Gujjar Bakarwals in Jammu & Kashmir, and the Banjaras in Rajasthan are the current nomadic pastoral groups in the subcont