Chapter-6 Towns, traders, and craftpersons

Explanation:

 Because of the following, craftspeople were crucial:

1.They created inlay work out of silver and copper. Bidar artisans were well known for their Bidri creations.

2.Temples were built by goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons, and carpenters.They were also kept up.

3.Another crucial component of cotton textile production was weaving.

Explanation:

Reasons for the visiting of the people:

1.Trade with West Asia through the Gulf of Ormuz entered at Surat.Because so many pilgrim ships leave from here, Surat has also been referred to as the entrance to Mecca.

2.The market for cotton textiles was substantial. Cotton textiles are sold in a number of retail and wholesale stores.

3.West Asia, Africa, and Europe were markets for Surat textiles, which were noted for their gold lace borders and Le. zari.

Explanation:

craft production in Calcutta different from the thanjavur by the following ways:

1.In thanjavur, the craft production is like making by the copper and silver.

2.in the Calcutta, the craft production is done by the silk, jute, cotton textiles.

3.All the people all lived in the town and it was the temple town.

4.And the Calcutta is the trading town. And the people who are making crafts , they are lived in the black town.

Explanation:

Differences between the surat and delhi:

Surat:

1.Due to the production of a variety of goods during the Mughal era, it was called an emporium.

2.West Asia's gateway due to the trade centre.

3.it is an international city.

4.warehouses and factories.

5.it was popular for its cotton textiles.

Delhi:

1.In the Mughal era, it also served as an emporium.

2.Essentially an administrative centre.

3.it is an international city.

4.it has numerous warehouses and factories.

5.it was so Popular for trade, business, and commercial endeavours.

Explanation:

Chola bronze statues were created using the "lost wax" technique. This process included several steps:

1.First, a wax replica of the image was created. This was covered in clay and allowed to dry in the sun.

2.The clay cover was then heated and a tiny hole was made in it. Through this hole, the molten wax was drained out.

3.Then, through the hole, molten wax was poured into the clay mould. The clay cover was carefully taken off the metal after it had cooled and solidified, and the image was then cleaned and polished.

Explanation:

In the subcontinent, several small towns started to appear around the eighth century. In these towns, local villagers would frequently come to sell their produce at a mandapika or mandi. Additionally, these towns had commercially developed market streets called halta or hoot.

Additionally, there were streets dedicated to various types of artisans, including potters, oil pressers, a sugar market, toddy makers, etc.

Many traders travelled from far and near to these towns to buy and sell goods from nearby and distant locations, including salt, camphor, horses, etc.

Explanation:

The city of Hampi was well-protected. These walls were built without the use of mortar or cement. They were wedged together using an interlocking technique.

The structures in the royal complex featured magnificent domes, arches, and pillared halls with niches for sculptures.

They also had leisure gardens with sculptural themes like the lotus and corbels, as well as orchards that were carefully planned.

Explanation:

Hampi was a major hub of trade and cultural activity during its heyday in the 15th and 16th centuries. The markets of Hampi were frequented by Moors—a term used to refer to all Muslim traders—Chettis, and representatives of European traders like the Portuguese.

The centre of cultural activity was the temple. In the many-pillared halls of the Virupaksha, a form of Shiva, temple, dancers known as devadasis performed for the gods, kings, and common people. One of the most significant festivals celebrated in Hampi was the Mahanavami festival.

After the Deccani Sultans defeated Vijayanagara in 1565, Hampi went into ruins.

Explanation:

The 17th century saw a flurry of activity in the city of Masulipatnam. As this city rose to prominence along the Andhra coast, both the Dutch and English East India Companies made an effort to exert control over it. To stop the Golconda trade from falling entirely under the control of the various East India Companies, Qutb Shah's rulers enacted royal monopolies on the sale of textiles, spices, and other goods. The Golconda nobles, Persian traders, Telugu Komati Chettis, and European traders all engaged in fierce competition as a result. The city consequently grew populous and prosperous.

Explanation:

The European markets had a huge demand for Indian textiles. As a result, the English started to employ Indian traders as their agents in an effort to exert control over the Indian craftspeople. They established a system of advancements that required weavers to weave cloth that was already promised to European agents. The freedom to sell their fabric or weave their own designs was taken away from weavers. Instead, they were required to duplicate the designs that the company's representatives had given them. The Indian weavers' freedom was snatched away by this system. They started to follow someone else's direction.

Explanation:

Different types of traders were present. The Banjaras and several traders, particularly horse traders, were among them.

In order to safeguard their interests, the traders typically travelled in caravans. From the eighth century onward, South India had a number of these guilds, with the Manigramam and Nanadesi being the most well-known. These guilds engaged in extensive trade with China and Southeast Asia as well as the peninsula itself. There were also communities like the Chettiyars and the Marwari Oswal who went on to become the major trading groups of the country.

Gujarati traders engaged in significant trade with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and China, as well as the communities of Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras. In exchange, they brought gold and ivory from Africa, as well as spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery, and silver from Southeast Asia and China. They also sold textiles and spices in these ports.

Arab, Persian, Chinese, Jewish, and Syrian Christian traders resided in the west coast towns. Italian traders purchased the Indian textiles and spices being sold in the Red Seaports, and they eventually made their way to European markets where they were highly profitable. This ultimately attracted traders from Europe to India.

Explanation:

During the Mughal era, Surat in Gujarat, along with Cambay (now Khambat) and, later, Ahmedabad, served as the hub of western trade. Trade with West Asia through the Gulf of Ormuz entered at Surat. Because so many pilgrim ships leave from here, Surat has also been referred to as the entrance to Mecca. People of all castes and creeds lived in Surat, a multicultural city. The Portuguese, Dutch, and English all had factories and warehouses in Surat during the 17th century. Surat had a number of retail and wholesale stores. These stores offered cotton clothing. It is important to note that the textiles from Surat had a market in West Asia, Africa, and were known for their gold lace borders and zari.

The state offered all amenities to visitors from around the world who came to the city. At Surat, the Kathiawad seths   owned sizable banking institutions. In distant markets like Cairo, Egypt, Basra, Iraq, and Antwerp, Belgium, the Surat hundis were honoured.