Chapter-9 The Making of Regional Cultures

Explanation:

Manipravalam is a macaronic language that may be discovered in several South Indian texts. It is a hybrid language that blends Dravidian morpho-syntax with Sanskrit vocabulary, and it is commonly written in the Grantha script. The merging of Tamil and Sanskrit is seen in manuscripts and their colophons over a lengthy period of time, according to linguists Giovanni Ciotti and Marco Franceschini, and this may have ultimately contributed to the formation of Manipravalam. Manipravalam is, according to the Sanskrit text Lilatilakam from the fourteenth century, a synthesis of Dravidian and Sanskrit. Most scholars concur that it was a synthesis of Middle Tamil and Sanskrit. 

Explanation:

Throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as the Bhakti movement grew, Kathak began to evolve into a distinctive dance form. Rasa Lila performances played out the legends of Radha-Krishna by fusing traditional dance with the basic motions of the Kathak storytellers. Kathak was performed in the Mughal emperors' and their nobility's court, where it developed into a distinct dance form and acquired its modern traits. Subsequently, it changed into two distinct gharanas, one practised in the Rajasthani courts (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow. Under the help of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it became an important art genre.

• The Eastern Ganga king Gangesvara Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva (1077–1150 CE) ruled from 1077 to 1150 CE. He was in charge of the Kalinga territory from the Ganga to the Godavari, and then the early mediaeval Odisha region after the Somavamshis' collapse and the absorption of the component provinces.

• Vishnu is known by the name Jagannatha, which means "the lord of the world," and is worshipped at Puri, Orissa. Even today, the local tribes uphold the customs by carving wooden representations of the god, demonstrating that the god was originally a local deity who was later associated with Vishnu.

• In the tenth century CE, the Keralan town of Kodungallur was referred to as Mahodayapuram. Mahodayapuram served as the Chera Dynasty's administrative centre and served as their capital. It served as a crucial commerce hub throughout the latter Chera dynasty.

• Lilatilakam, often known as the "diadem of poetry," is a treatise written in Sanskrit in the 14th century that discusses the grammar and poetics of the Manipravalam language form, a forerunner of the present Malayalam spoken in the Indian state of Kerala.

• The Bengali terms Mangal (Benediction) and Kavya are combined to form the word Mangal-Kvya (Poems). These lines are referred to as the fortunate divinities because it was thought that hearing them would have both spiritual and material advantages.

• Painting in Kangra. One of the Pahari painting schools is Kangra miniature painting, with Guler, Basholi, Mandi, Chamba, and Bilaspur. Miniatures are little paintings that are often created in watercolour on fabric or paper.

Explanation:

Bengal had a boom in temple building from the late fourteenth century to the nineteenth century. The Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansari were among the "poor" socioeconomic strata who helped build many of Bengal's modest brick and terracotta temples (bell metal workers). Once local deities gained the respect of the Brahmanas, who had previously worshipped them in thatched huts in the villages, their sculptures began to be preserved in temples.Temple architecture began to resemble the double-roofed (dochala) or four-roofed (chauchala) thatched dwellings. The traditional Bengali style of temple construction as a result evolved. Most temples had extremely simple interiors and were built on square platforms, but many of them also had painted exteriors or exteriors decorated with ornamental tiles or clay tablets. At a few temples, most notably at Vishnupur in the West Bengali area of Bankura, these ornaments reached a high level of perfection.

Explanation:

Beginning in the seventh century, a large number of Rajput families ruled the majority of the present-day state of Rajasthan. Well skilled minstrels created and sang poems and songs honouring Rajput heroes. They served to preserve the memory of heroes and inspire others to follow in their footsteps. Regular people found these tales to be as captivating despite the fact that they usually involved dramatic events and a range of intense feelings like loyalty, friendship, love, courage, wrath, etc.

Explanation:

In the twelfth century, Anantavarman, one of the most significant kings of the Ganga dynasty, made the decision to build a Purushottama Jagannatha temple at Puri. Then, in 1230, monarch Anangabhima III declared himself to be God's "deputy" and consecrated his whole realm to the god. The temple's influence in social and political issues grew along with its prominence as a site of pilgrimage. To win over the local populace and secure their dominance, the Mughals, Marathas, and English East India Company all invaded Orissa and made an effort to seize possession of the temple.

Explanation:

Bengal gained new economic opportunities with the entry of European commercial companies. Temple building was a result of social and economic advancement. The Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansari were among the "poor" socioeconomic strata who helped build many of Bengal's modest brick and terracotta temples (bell metal workers). Once local deities gained the respect of the Brahmanas, who had previously worshipped them in thatched huts in the villages, their sculptures began to be preserved in temples.

Explanation:

Because of the following factors, rulers' cultural customs are more known than those of regular people:

The average person lacked the material and financial resources necessary to retain their cultural traditions and memories.

Only monarchs were able to afford the costs associated with historians, minstrels, and paperwork.

Rulers could safely retain their documents in their palaces.

For ordinary people, earning a livelihood used to be challenging.