Chapter-10 Respiration in Organisms

Explanation:

Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all living organisms, including plants and animals. In eukaryotic cells, the process occurs in the mitochondria. Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and cell membrane in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria.

Explanation:

Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen. During aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP). This process is used by most eukaryotic organisms, including humans, and is essential for their survival.

Explanation:

Yeast is a versatile microorganism with various applications in the food, beverage, and biotechnology industries. Yeast is used as a leavening agent in baking. It ferments sugar to produce carbon dioxide, which causes the dough to rise and create a soft and fluffy texture. Yeast is used to ferment beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. 

Explanation:

Yes, Yeast can survive and carry out some metabolic processes in the absence of air, a condition known as anaerobic respiration. During anaerobic respiration, Yeast can still obtain energy by breaking down glucose. Still, instead of using oxygen as the final electron acceptor, it uses other molecules, such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde. This process produces fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration, allowing Yeast to survive in low-oxygen or oxygen-free environments.

Explanation:

Earthworms breathe through their skin. They don't have lungs or gills like many other animals. The skin of an earthworm is covered with a thin layer of mucus, which helps to keep it moist and allows oxygen to diffuse into the body. As the earthworm moves, the muscles in its body contract and relax, creating a wave-like motion that helps to circulate air through the skin.

Explanation:

The term "breadth" refers to inhaling and exhaling air in and out of the lungs. It is a fundamental physiological process essential for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. When we inhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest cavity to expand and the lungs to fill with air. 

Explanation:

A cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest functional and structural unit of all living organisms. It is surrounded by a membrane or plasma membrane that separates the cell's interior from the external environment. 

Explanation:

All organisms are made up of one or more cells. In some cases, such as bacteria, the organism is made up of a single cell, while in others, such as plants and animals, the organism is made up of many cells.

Explanation:

The respiratory organ of birds is called the air sacs and lungs. Birds have a unique respiratory system compared to other animals, which allows for more efficient oxygen exchange and flight.

Explanation:

The floor of the chest cavity is formed by the diaphragm, a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays an important role in respiration by contracting and flattening, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and allows air to be drawn into the lungs.

Explanation:

The end products of anaerobic respiration differ depending on the organism and the specific pathway used. In many organisms, including Yeast and some bacteria, the end products of anaerobic respiration are ethanol (a type of alcohol) and carbon dioxide. In some other organisms, including bacteria and muscle cells, lactic acid is the end product of anaerobic respiration.

Explanation:

During anaerobic respiration in muscles, lactic acid is produced as a byproduct. Lactic acid is produced when glucose is broken down without oxygen, which occurs during anaerobic respiration. Proper warm-up exercises, hydration, and adequate rest can help prevent muscle cramps caused by anaerobic respiration.

Explanation:

During cellular respiration, glucose (a simple sugar) and other molecules are broken down through enzymatic reactions, ultimately producing ATP. The process can be divided into three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Explanation:

Breathing rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes per minute. It is also known as respiratory rate and is a measure of the efficiency of the respiratory system. The normal breathing rate for an adult at rest is typically between 12 and 20 breaths per minute, although this can vary based on factors such as age, fitness level, and overall health.

Explanation:

Smoking is a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. It increases the risk of numerous health problems, including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and respiratory infections. Smoking harms not only the smoker but also the people around them. Secondhand smoke can cause the same health problems in non-smokers, including lung cancer and heart disease.

Explanation:

Eating regular, balanced meals throughout the day helps maintain steady blood sugar levels, which helps keep our energy levels stable. This can help us to feel more alert and focused throughout the day.

Explanation:

The main function of stomata is to regulate gas exchange in plants, allowing them to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapour into the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, stomata open to allow CO₂ to enter the plant and water vapour and O₂ to exit. During respiration, stomata close to prevent water loss.

Explanation:

Breathing is taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide from the body. It is a fundamental process that allows the body to maintain the necessary levels of oxygen in the bloodstream, which is essential for proper functioning of the body's cells and organs.

Explanation:

During inhalation, the diaphragm and other muscles in the chest cavity contract, which expands the lungs and creates a vacuum that pulls air through the nose or mouth.

During exhalation, the diaphragm and other muscles in the chest cavity relax, compressing the lungs and forcing air out of the lungs through the nose or mouth.

Explanation:

Frogs breathe through their skin and lungs. Unlike mammals, frogs do not have a diaphragm or rib cage to help them breathe. Instead, they rely on a unique respiratory system that allows them to breathe underwater and on land.

Explanation:

Some animals that breathe through the lungs include:

Mammals (e.g. humans, dogs, cats, horses, cows, whales)

Birds (e.g. eagles, owls, parrots, penguins)

Reptiles (e.g. snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, alligators)

Amphibians (e.g. frogs, toads, salamanders)

Some fish (e.g. lungfish)

Explanation:

Mountaineers carry oxygen with them because as they ascend to higher altitudes, the air pressure and oxygen levels decrease, leading to a condition known as hypoxia, or lack of oxygen in the body. This can cause several symptoms, including fatigue, headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, and confusion. At extreme altitudes, the lack of oxygen can even be life-threatening.

Explanation:

Sneezing can spread germs and viruses from our respiratory system to other people and surfaces, potentially causing illness or infection. Sneezing is a reflex action that helps expel irritants and infectious particles from our respiratory system. When we sneeze, tiny droplets of moisture containing these particles are released into the air.

Explanation:

When an earthworm breathes, oxygen from the air diffuses through its skin and into its bloodstream. Carbon dioxide and other waste gases diffuse out of the bloodstream and through the skin to be released into the environment. This gas exchange process is facilitated by the moist environment surrounding the earthworm's skin, which helps keep it permeable to gases.

Explanation:

The hair in the nasal cavity plays an important role in the process of respiration by helping to filter and trap particles and debris from the air we breathe. The nose is the primary entrance for air into the respiratory system. As air is drawn in through the nostrils, it passes over the nasal hairs, which act as a physical barrier to trap larger particles such as dust, pollen, and dirt.

Explanation:

The normal breathing rate range per minute in an average adult person at rest is typically between 12 and 20 breaths per minute. This refers to the number of times a person inhales and exhales air in one minute while at rest without physical activity or exertion.

Explanation:

While exercising, the body produces heat and uses up energy and fluids. If a person doesn't replenish these fluids and nutrients through hydration and nutrition, they can become dehydrated and experience an imbalance in electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium. These electrolytes are important for proper muscle function, and an imbalance can lead to such issues.

Explanation:

During exhalation, also known as expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. As a result, the pressure in the thoracic cavity increases and the air is forced out of the lungs.

Explanation:

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase. This decreases the pressure in the thoracic cavity, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.

Explanation:

During this process, oxygen from the air diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and into the bloodstream, where it binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to the body's tissues. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by the body's cells, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and exhales when we breathe.

Explanation:

Yeast can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, depending on oxygen availability. In aerobic respiration, Yeast uses oxygen to produce energy by breaking down glucose, a type of sugar. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the yeast cell and is similar to aerobic respiration in human cells.

Explanation:

In wine production, grapes are crushed to extract the juice, which is then fermented with the addition of Yeast. The Yeast consumes the natural sugars in the grape juice, converting them into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The resulting wine is then aged and bottled.

Explanation:

Gills are specialized fish organs that extract oxygen from water and remove carbon dioxide. Fish and some other aquatic animals use gills for breathing, whereas land animals use lungs.

Explanation:

The process of respiration in plant roots is similar to that in human cells, but there are some key differences. Plant roots use oxygen to break down organic compounds like sugars and release energy as ATP. The process occurs in the mitochondria of the root cells.

Explanation:

Physical activity can increase the body's energy expenditure, meaning that more calories are burned during the activity. This can lead to a temporary energy deficit, which the body may try to compensate for by increasing hunger.

Explanation:

When we finally release our breath after holding it for some time, the body is eager to replenish the oxygen supply and remove the excess carbon dioxide. This can lead to a feeling of breathlessness or heaviness as we take in a large volume of air to meet the body's demands for oxygen.

Explanation:

Insects do not have lungs like mammals. Instead, they have a system of internal tubes called tracheae that allows oxygen to be delivered directly to the insect's cells. Air enters the insect's body through small openings called spiracles located along the sides of the insect's body. The spiracles can be opened or closed to regulate airflow into the tracheae.

Explanation:

During anaerobic respiration in humans, glucose is broken down into pyruvate in glycolysis. Unlike aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, anaerobic respiration uses an alternate pathway to convert pyruvate into lactic acid, which can generate ATP. While this process does not require oxygen, it is less efficient than aerobic respiration and generates only a small amount of ATP.

Explanation:

Heat from a hot water bath or massage can help to increase blood flow to the affected muscle, which can help to relieve the cramp. This increased blood flow can help to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the muscle, which can help it to relax and recover.

Explanation:

Spiracles are small openings in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods, such as spiders and centipedes, through which they breathe. These openings allow air to enter and exit the insect's respiratory system, which consists of a network of internal tubes called tracheae.