Chapter-6, Life Processes

Explanation:

Humans are multicellular creatures with intricate bodily structures. Diffusion cannot satisfy the need for oxygen in multicellular organisms because:

1) Diffusion is a sluggish process.

2) Unlike unicellular organisms, multicellular organisms do not have cells that are in direct contact with the outer environment.

As a result, human beings have organs and tissues that are specifically designed to assist the body get the oxygen it needs.

Explanation:

It is typically used to determine whether or not something is alive and any discernible movement, such as walking, breathing, or growing. Yet, a living thing may also move in ways that the unaided sight cannot see. As a result, a fundamental test for determining whether something is alive or not is the presence of life processes. So, we employ this criterion.

Explanation:

The outside raw material is:

1. All living things need the energy to survive and maintain their existence.

2. Examples of external raw materials used by organisms include oxygen, water, and food.

3. Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are the three main environmental inputs for plants.

4. In the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll, these are utilised to create their meal.

5. Animals rely on the environment for essential resources like food, water, and air.

Explanation:

Life processes are activities important for maintaining bodily systems and ensuring survival. Even when they are not actively performing any particular task, living things must nevertheless perform their maintenance role. Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, regulation, and coordination are some of the different functions that are necessary for supporting life. Life becomes challenging if any of these are missing. Hence, we view these procedures as preserving life.

Explanation:

Explanation:

1. Carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy are the primary raw ingredients needed for photosynthesis.

2. Through the stomata, atmospheric carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf.

3. The roots of plants draw water from the soil.

4. The chlorophyll pigment found in plants is used to capture solar energy from the sun.

So, in this manner, plants obtain the raw elements needed for photosynthesis.

Explanation:

The functions of acid in our stomachs are as follows:

1. Our stomachs contain hydrochloric acid, which dissolves food fragments and produces an acidic environment. Pepsinogen, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, is transformed into pepsin in this acidic environment.

2. By destroying the dangerous bacteria that enter the body through food, hydrochloric acid prevents infections of the digestive system.

This is the role of acid in our stomach.

Explanation:

The primary job of digestive enzymes is to break down a particular nutrient into a form that can be subsequently absorbed by the body. The digestive enzymes Amylase, Maltase, Lactase, Lipase, and Protease are the most important ones.

Amylase, for instance, converts carbs into simple sugars. Maltose is converted to glucose by maltase. Fats are transformed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases. Proteins are changed into amino acids by proteases.

Explanation:

Villi, which resemble little fingers, are found in great numbers throughout the small intestine. For more effective food absorption, these villi enhance the surface area. Many blood arteries may be seen inside these villi, where they absorb the food that has been digested and transfer it to the bloodstream. All of the body's cells receive the absorbed meal through the bloodstream.

Explanation:

Aquatic species must use the oxygen in the water while terrestrial organisms absorb oxygen from the atmosphere. Compared to water, the air has more oxygen. The high oxygen content of the air means that terrestrial animals do not need to breathe more quickly to receive more oxygen. Terrestrial animals do not, therefore, need to exhibit a variety of adaptations for improved gaseous exchange, in contrast to aquatic animals.

Explanation:

The following steps are involved in the breakdown of glucose:

Glycolysis is the process by which two molecules of pyruvate, each containing three carbons, are created from the breakdown of six carbon molecules.

Moreover, the pyruvate molecule disintegrates to create energy in several ways depending on the organism:

By generating energy, pyruvate molecules disintegrate into the water and carbon dioxide during the process known as aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of the pyruvate molecule without the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ethanol as a byproduct.

Explanation:

All of the body's cells receive oxygen molecules via haemoglobin for cellular respiration. Four O2 molecules from breathing are connected to the haemoglobin pigment that is present in the blood. As a result, oxyhaemoglobin is formed, oxygenating the blood. The heart subsequently distributes this oxygenated blood to all of the body's cells. Blood removes CO2 from the body cells after supplying them with oxygen, which is the byproduct of cellular respiration. The blood is now losing oxygen.

CO2 is primarily carried in the dissolved form because haemoglobin pigment has a lower affinity for the gas. This deoxygenated blood exchanges O2 for CO2 in the lung alveoli.

Explanation:

Alveolar gas exchange occurs between the alveolar gases and the blood in the capillaries that surround them. As a result, alveoli serve as the location for gas exchange. As the ribs are raised and the diaphragm is flattened during inhalation, the lungs are filled with air. The many alveoli found in the lungs are filled with the air that is rushed inside of them.

There are 300–350 million alveoli in each lung. The surface area for gaseous exchange is increased by a large number of alveoli, which improves the efficiency of respiration.

Explanation:

The heart, blood, and blood arteries make up the majority of the human body's transport system.

The heart distributes blood with oxygen throughout the body. It collects blood that has lost oxygen from various body parts and transports this impure blood to the lungs where it is given oxygen.

Blood assists in the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and nitrogenous wastes since it is a fluid connective tissue.

Blood is transported through arteries, veins, and capillaries from the heart to numerous organs as well as returning to the heart.

Explanation:

Warm-blooded creatures like birds and mammals regulate their body temperature by cooling off when the environment is hotter and warming up when the environment is colder. So, in order to produce more energy to maintain their body temperature, these animals need more oxygen (O2) for higher cellular respiration.

So that their circulatory system is more effective and can maintain their consistent body temperature, they must separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Explanation:

Highly organised plants:

Conducting tissues like phloem and xylem are found in highly structured plants.

The transportation system of a highly organised plant consists of the following:

1. In higher plants, the vascular system's tubular components, the xylem, and phloem, make up the transport system.

2. This system continues up to the leaves from the roots through the stem.

3. It is perceived as a vein pattern.

Explanation:

Tracheids and vessels found in the xylem tissue of roots stems, and leaves are linked together to create a continuous network of water-conducting channels that reaches every part of the plant. Water is pushed into the roots' xylem cells as a result of the suction pressure created by transpiration. The water then travels steadily through the interconnecting water-conducting channels from the root xylem to all the plant components.

Explanation:

Food components are transported by phloem from the leaves to other plant organs. ATP energy is used to power the movement of food via the phloem. As a result, the tissue's osmotic pressure rises and water starts to enter it. The phloem transports the substance to the tissues with lower pressure as a result of this pressure. This helps move resources in accordance with the plant's requirements. With ATP energy, for instance, dietary substances like sugar are carried into the phloem tissue.

Explanation:

The kidney's many filtration cells are known as nephrons. When the urine travels down the tube, certain components of the original filtrate, including glucose, amino acids, salts, and a significant amount of water, are preferentially reabsorbed.

The main components of Nephrons are

Glomerulus

Bowman’s Capsule

Long Renal Tube

Structure of Nephron

Functioning of Nephron

Through the renal artery, which divides into numerous capillaries connected to the glomerulus, blood enters the kidney.

At Bowman's capsule, the water and solute are transported to the nephron.

In the proximal tubule, amino acids, glucose, and salts are preferentially reabsorbed, whereas unwanted molecules are added to the urine.

After that, the filtrate descends into the Henle loop, where more water is absorbed. The filtrate then ascends into the distal tubule and eventually reaches the collecting duct from this point. Many nephrons send urine to the collecting duct for collection.

The ureter is a lengthy tube through which the urine produced by each kidney travels. It travels from the ureter to the urinary bladder and then enters the urethra.

Explanation:

Waste products are excreted by plants using the following method: 

1) Although plants use water, part of it is not fully utilised. The process of transpiration is used to eliminate the extra water. This is the method by which water circulates within a plant by evaporating from exposed areas like leaves, stems, and flowers. 

2) Stomata are the means through which gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, are expelled. A significant byproduct of aerobic respiration is carbon dioxide. 

3) Eliminates exudates, particularly in aging xylem tissue, like resins and gums.

4) Old leaves that are removed through the drooping or wilting process are used to transport waste materials. 

5) Stomata are the openings through which oxygen, the product of photosynthesis, is expelled.

6) Vacuoles are where some excretory items are kept.

7) In addition, they excrete certain waste materials into the surrounding soil.

8) Petals, fruits, and seeds can also expel some.

Explanation:

The antidiuretic hormone regulates the amount and quality of urine (ADH).

ADH increases fluid retention by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water. ADH is created in the hypothalamus of the brain and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a rise in blood osmolarity above a threshold of 300 mos/mL, which causes the release of ADH.

Yet, when ADH is present in excess, the blood becomes diluted as a result of excessive water retention, which can cause serious illnesses like leukemia, lymphoma, and bladder cancer.

Explanation:

(c) In human beings, the kidneys are a part of the system for excretion.

The human excretory system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. There are two kidneys in the abdomen, one on each side of the spine. The urinary bladder is where the urine that is produced in the kidneys is held until it is expelled through the urethra. Urine travels through the ureters into the bladder.

Explanation:

(a) Transport of water within a plant is carried out by the xylem.

Vascular tissue is the xylem. It is employed for water conduction.

Another name for the xylem is conducting tissue.

Water is transported by the xylem from the roots to the plant's leaves and stems.

Tracheids, fibers, vessels, and parenchyma make up the xylem.

Therefore, the xylem is responsible for water transport in plants.

Explanation: (d)

Autotrophic Nutrition

The manner that organisms receive their nourishment is referred to as their mode of nutrition.

When an organism uses the autotrophic method of nutrition, it makes its own food out of environmental resources including sunshine, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

Autotrophs are the term used to describe these species.

Because they make their own food through a process called photosynthesis, plants are considered autotrophs.

Needed raw materials:

Produce food through photosynthesis, this way of feeding needs water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and a unique component called chlorophyll.

Explanation:

(b) Mitochondria.

In the mitochondria, pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Energy is released as ATP in the cytoplasm once glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle after being absorbed by the mitochondria, where it is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP and other byproducts that enter the electron transport chain to produce more ATPs.

Explanation:

The small intestine contains fats in the form of big globules. The small intestine receives secretions from the liver and pancreas in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice, respectively. The huge fat globules are divided into smaller globules by the bile salts (from the liver), which makes it easier for the pancreatic enzymes to work on them. The emulsification of fats is what is meant by this. In the small intestine, it happens.

Explanation:

The salivary glands, which are found under the tongue, secrete saliva. It makes the food moisture for simpler swallowing. It has salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that converts starch to sugar.

Saliva has several functions in the digestive process, including:

The mouth is lubricated with it.

It facilitates food digestion.

It aids in guarding against bacterial infections of the teeth.

It facilitates the digestion of meals.

Explanation:

Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition:

The mode of nutrition known as autotrophic nutrition is one in which the organism prepares its own food.

Autotrophic nutrition comes in two flavors: photo-autotrophic, which depends on sunshine, and chemo-autotrophic, which doesn't.

Photosynthesis is the mechanism that underlies photo-autotrophic nourishment.

Chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight are prerequisites for photo-autotrophic feeding.

Chemo-synthetic autotrophs oxidise inorganic substances like methane, hydrogen, ammonia, nitrite, etc. to produce chemical energy.

They depend on carbon-containing substances like carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, etc. because they lack chlorophyll.

Chemical sources of energy and carbon are prerequisites for chemo-autotrophic feeding.

By-products of autotrophic nutrition:

The by-products in photo-synthetic autotrophs are glucose and oxygen.

Proteins, carbohydrates, and other waste products are produced by chemo-synthetic autotrophs.

Explanation:

Certain waterlogged plant roots, parasitic worms, animal muscles, and even microscopic creatures like yeasts all engage in anaerobic respiration.

Explanation:

The tiny, balloon-like structures found in the lungs are called alveoli. There is a dense network of blood vessels lining the alveoli's walls. There are around 700 million alveoli in both lungs, with 300–350 million in each lung. When extended out, the alveolar surface occupies an area of around 80 m2. The gaseous exchange is more effectively facilitated by the wide surface area.

Explanation:

An important pigment called haemoglobin helps the blood carry oxygen to every region of the body.

It is a component of red blood cells and transports oxygen.

Haemoglobin shortage causes anaemia, which results in a reduction in red blood cells.

The ability of the blood to carry oxygen will decline if haemoglobin levels are low.

Weakness resulting from a reduction in the amount of oxygen available will be caused by a fall in haemoglobin levels in the blood.

Explanation:

Blood circulates twice through the heart in a single cycle thanks to double circulation. The procedure aids in keeping the body's temperature consistent by separating oxygenated from deoxygenated blood.

The blood's dual circulation system consists :

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the lungs, where it is given oxygen. The oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium and pumped into the left ventricle from there. Blood enters the aorta for systemic circulation last.

Systemic circulation.

From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pushed to numerous bodily areas. The vena cava allows deoxygenated blood from various bodily areas to travel to the right atrium. Blood is delivered to the right ventricle from the right atrium.

Explanation:

Explanation: